RESOURCES / 英语学习资源
RESOURCES / 英语学习资源
秀丽英语学习软件支持网上下载的各种视频文件，配合srt格式的英文字幕，就可以用于学习。
以下是为方便大家学习，从网上搜集的一些资源，资源添加中。
美国：我们的故事 第五集 Civil War/内战
The Civil War rages. The minie ball is the great equalizer on the battlefield. The formidable Confederate army cannot match the Union's mastery of technology; railroads, supply lines and the telegram become new weapons in a modern war. 内战爆发。迷你弹是战场上最伟大的均衡器。强大的同盟军无法比拟的技术联盟的掌握；铁路，电源线和电话成为现代战争中的新武器。
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英汉双语对照剧本
The North against the South.
南北之战
Brother against brother.
手足相残
The Civil War is the bloodiest in American history.
内战是美国历史上最血腥的篇章
Victory will take far more than brute firepower on the battlefield.
胜利不仅仅取决于战场上的血拼肉搏
Technology, communications, logistics.
技术 通讯 后勤
It's what happens behind the front lines
正是这些火线背后的较量
that will ultimately decides this battle for America's future.
最终决定了这场关乎美国未来的战事
We are pioneers...and trailblazers.
我们是前锋 也是先驱
We fight for freedom.
我们为自由而战
We transform our dreams into the truth.
我们将梦想付诸现实
Our struggles will become a nation.
我们的奋斗将换来一个国家的新生
1862, the Civil War is at its height.
1862年 内战进入高潮
North and South,
南北双方
locked in a bitter conflict for the future of America.
陷入了一场关乎美国未来的苦战
A new kind of bullet
一种新式子弹
has brought this war to a terrible deadlock,
将这场战争带入了可怕的僵局
bringing death on a scale never previously seen in warfare.
造成了始料未及的大规模人员伤亡
Here at a metal works in Springfield, Illinois,
伊利诺伊州 斯普林菲尔德的一家冶金铺里
molten lead is beginning its journey,
熔铅踏上了历史舞台
becoming a lethal instrument of destruction.
成为了一种致命的破坏性原料
The bullet known as the minie ball.
熔铅所铸的子弹被称为迷你弹
This crude piece of lead is the primary reason
这一小块未加工的铅就是
for the unprecedented levels of slaughter in this war.
造成前所未有的伤亡的罪魁祸首
Invented in France. It's an ounce in weight and a half inch across.
迷你弹发明于法国 重一盎司 直径半英寸
One person can cast 3,000 minie balls an hour.
每人每小时可以铸造3000枚迷你弹
Each one of these simple bullets
每一发这种不起眼的子弹
can rip through a man's body in a fraction of a second.
都可以在眨眼间洞穿人体
The minie ball is used by North and South alike.
南北双方都在使用迷你弹
Demand for this killer bullet runs so high
对这种致命子弹的需求高涨
that an entire industry springs up
导致了一个全新工业的兴起
supplying minie balls to the front line
专门为前线输送迷你弹
In total, the North makes over half a billion minie balls,
北方一共铸造了超过5亿枚迷你弹
ready to be fired from
准备送往前线
the 2 million muskets supplied to its men.
武装士兵们手中的200万支步枪
In many ways,
从多个角度看
the Civil War was the first modern war
内战都是第一场现代战争
because it was the first war that took place
这是工业革命的影响深入到美国之后
after the Industrial Revolution had begun to transform our country.
打响的第一场战争
It will take over 33 hours for a bullet in this box
把这一箱子弹运送到前线去
to travel the 800 plus miles to the battlefield
需耗时超过33小时 行程逾800英里
ready to find its target.
然后就等目标出现
The new musket is much faster to reload
新式步枪比起传统武器来
than traditional weapons.
重新上膛的速度大大提升
Load the gun powder,
装上火药
ram down the bullet,
把子弹塞到底
and it's ready to fire.
然后就可以射击了
Imagine warfare where your ability to load a musket
想象一下这样的战斗状态
faster than the guy with the other musket
你给步枪的上膛速度是否快过敌方
would determine if you lived or die.
将直接决定你是生是死
Groove on the inside of the barrel, rifling,
枪管内壁的凹槽 即装膛线
spin the ball towards its target.
让子弹旋转着射向目标
The improved accuracy and range are a deadly combination.
准度和射程的双重改进使其更加致命
One second -- everything's great
前一秒 一切太平
and the next second, your buddy's head is gone
下一秒 你的伙伴已经身首异处
or his arm is flying off.
或者他的一条胳膊飞了出去
You don't want to know what a soft metal musket ball does
当一枚软金属步枪弹击中人体后的惨状
when it enters the human body.
你是不会想知道的
On impact, the bullet flattens out.
冲击过后 子弹尖头变平
bone shattered into splinters
骨头碎成尖片
causing further damage to muscle and tissue.
对肌肉和组织造成更深的伤害
More often than not,
通常情况下
the result of a direct hit is death.
被子弹直接击中 只有死路一条
but for all the minie balls technological edge,
即使有了迷你弹这样的科技优势
the army still uses traditional military tactics.
军队仍然采用传统的兵法战术
What made it specifically tragic was
让战争尤为惨烈的是
modern technology meeting much more ancient tactics,
现代科技与更多的传统战术相结合
so the death rates were truly appalling.
因此伤亡数字十分惊人
The troops still face one another openly
双方军队仍是直接正面交锋
with lines across the battlefield.
并维持着各自的战线
But the minie ball is accurate over a range of 600 yards.
但迷你弹精确射程可达600码[约550米]
Easily spaning this distance.
足以轻易贯穿两军间隔
And it can be reloaded
而且其重新上膛时间更短
eight times faster than a traditional weapon.
比传统武器要快八倍
The effects are catastrophic.
后果是灾难性的
The kill rate increases dramatically
战死率相比之前的战争
compared to previously wars.
大幅上升
Across the battlefield the results are carnage.
整个战场就像是经历了一场大屠杀
Blood and death on a previously unseen scales.
出乎意料 伤亡数字空前巨大
They killed each other in droves in lines and in piles.
他们相互残杀 尸体成群 成排 成堆
Soldier Alexander Hunter writes.
士兵亚历山大·亨特写道
One lay on his face with his body almost in two parts.
一个人趴在地上 身体几乎分成了两半
Another was shot just as he was taking aim,
另一个人中弹时还正在瞄准
one eye was still open while the other was closed,
一只眼还睁着 而另一只眼已经闭上了
one arm extended in the position of holding his rifle
胳膊伸出去的姿势还在握着步枪
which laid beside on the ground.
而步枪则躺在他身边的地上
The troops on both sides
双方的部队
must live in the middle of this untold deafen suffering.
都必须在这弥漫着死亡气氛的环境中挣扎求生
Horatio Chapman, records his experience in his diary.
霍雷肖·查普曼在日记里记录了他的经历
The dead in some places were piled upon each other
有些地方 死尸层层堆叠在一起
and the groans and moans of the wounded
伤员的呻吟和哀叹
were truly saddening to hear.
实在令人耳不忍闻
Some were just alive and gasping, but unconscious
一部分人苟延残喘 但已失去知觉
others were mortally wounded
而另一部分人重伤垂死
and were conscious of the fact that they could not live long.
同时清醒地意识到自己已是命不久矣
By the time of the North's final victory,
截至北方获胜之时
over 600,000 men on both sides are dead.
双方合计阵亡人数超过60万
sum 2% of the entire US population.
相当于当时美国人口的2%
In current population terms,
按比例推算
that's the equivalent of 6 million people.
相当于现在的600万人
Almost half of the dead remain unidentified.
死者中有近半数依然身份不明
The fear of dying forgot on the battlefield
由于害怕自己会成为战场上的无名鬼
leave soldiers for the first time
士兵们第一次
to begin painting their names and unions on their uniforms.
开始在军装上画上自己的姓名和部队番号
These crude early versions of the dog tag
这些早期的士兵身份识别牌
will make it possible to identify their bodies after they are killed.
在他们死后可以帮助辨认尸体的身份
For the first time, America's growing postal service,
此外 美国日益发展的邮政服务
means soldiers can write to their loved ones from the front.
让前线士兵们首次能够给亲友写信
With none of today's military censorship,
由于当时还没有如今的军队审查制度
it allows soldiers like Robert Stiles
这就让诸如罗伯特·斯泰尔斯的士兵们
to relay the terrifying realities of life on the front line.
得以将前线生活的恐怖现实传播出去
The sights and smells that assailed us
萦绕在我们身边的惨状和气味
were simply indescribable.
实在让人无法形容
Corpse swollen to twice their original size.
尸体肿胀成了原来的两倍大小
Some of them actually burst sunder
有些尸体甚至会因
with the pressure of foul gases and vapours.
淤塞的气体的压力过大而爆开
Fueling this carnage lies the deep political animosity
潜藏在这场大屠杀背后深层次的政治仇恨
that has led to this war.
才是战争爆发的根源
In the bitter conflict that
在这场被喻为
has pitted as"brother against brother",
"手足相残"的苦战中
the South has determined to defend its independence
南方决意捍卫其独立地位
and the system of slavery.
以及奴隶制
But the North will not allow it to leave the Union of States.
而北方绝不会任由南方脱离联邦
We fought and lost
交战过后
hundreds of thousands of men on both sides
双方都损失了数十万军人
fighting for what they believe is right.
都是为了捍卫自己心中的信仰
The unholy alliance of new weapons and outdated battle tactics,
新式武器和传统兵法的结合非常恐怖
means the body count on an industrial scale.
导致了死亡率达到了工业化的规模
The war is locked in a bloody stalemate.
战争陷入了血腥的僵局
Neither side can land a decisive blow.
双方都无法发起决定性的一击
In this bitter war of attrition,
在这场相持不下的战争中
victory will come to the last man standing.
胜利属于坚持到最后的人
August 1862, over a year into the war.
1862年8月 开战已逾一年
General Robert E Lee's Confederate Army,
罗伯特·E·李将军所领导的南方联盟军队
is readying to launch a wide ranging assault ,
准备好发动一起大规模的进攻
against Union forces in Virginia.
对手是弗吉尼亚的联邦军队
Highly motivated
士气高昂的士兵们
these men are fighting on their home turf,
将在他们的故土上大战一场
and are ready to die for Southern independence
并时刻准备好为捍卫南方独立
and traditions, and its rural way of life.
为维护传统的乡村生活方式而牺牲
Its prosperity is built around a simple crop--
南方的繁荣完全依托于一种农作物
cotton.
棉花
Known as white gold,
棉花被喻为"白色黄金"
the South accounts for
南方的棉产量
two thirds of the world's supply of cotton.
占世界总产量的三分之二
And it brings extraordinary wealth to the Southern states.
棉花给南方各州带来了惊人的财富
but its wealth built on the backs of slaves.
但这笔财富却是建立在奴隶的血汗之上的
Now Lincoln's victory at the ballot box
而如今 林肯的票选胜利
threatens this traditional way of life,
对这种传统生活方式构成了威胁
the slavery it is built on.
使它所赖以生存的奴隶制岌岌可危
Rather than submit to Northern rule,
不愿屈服于北方统治
the South decides to fight.
南方决定一战
They want a separate nation.
他们想要分而治之
General Rober E Lee takes command
罗伯特·E·李将军担任
at the head of the newly formed army of Northen Virginia.
新成立的北弗吉尼亚军队总指挥
Lee, a brilliant graduate of the elite Westpoint Academy
李是毕业于西点军校的高材生
is already a veteran of the Mexican War.
又在墨西哥战争中久经历练
Highly regarded for his effectiveness on the battlefield.
他在战场上的高效率一直为人所称道
Lee could intuit the battlefield
李可以凭直觉主导战况
in a way that almost resembles Rommel in
这一点很像二战中的隆美尔
World War II, or Patton,
或是巴顿
and as a result, he could sort of almost sense
因此 他从某种程度上可以感觉到
where the place would be to take the gamble
哪里适合放手一搏
and where to hit.
哪里适合迎头一击
Manassas Virginia, 1862,
1862年 弗吉尼亚州马纳萨斯
confederal troops gather ahead
南方联盟军在布尔溪
of the second battle of Bull Run.
第二次战役前集结起来
Lee's forces are heavily outnumbered.
李的兵力相比对手严重不足
But this Virginia woodland
但是这片弗吉尼亚林地
is home territory for these volunteer troops
是这些志愿军的地盘
known like the back of their hand.
他们对地形了如指掌
Rigid training and strict discipline
严苛的训练和严格的军规
has turned them into a formidable fighting force.
把他们变成了一支令人望而生畏的武装力量
If you've been a betting man back then,
如果你是当时的一名赌徒
you would have bet the South would have won.
你一定会把胜算押在南方
The South only had to hold its territory,
南方要做的只是守住领地而已
the North had to come and take it away,
而北方需要深入敌后攻城略地
the North had to be the occupying force
北方必须成为占领军
which is far harder to do.
而这一点难度更大
At Bull Run, Lee easily demonstrates his force's superiority.
在布尔溪 李轻松展示了他麾下军队的优势
In one engagement lasting just 10 minutes,
在一场仅持续了10分钟的交战中
the yankee 5th New York regiment loses more men
北军士兵纽约第五团损失的兵力
than any other regiment during the entire Civil War.
比整个内战中其他任何一个团损失的都要多
All tolled, Lee's men kill over 1700 Union soldiers.
李的队伍一共歼灭了超过1700名联邦士兵
Determination and local knowledge
必胜的决心以及主场优势
give the South their greatest victory in the war to date.
给南方带来了开战以来最大的一场胜利
But Lee and his commanders
但李和他的指挥官们
have underestimated the nature of this conflict...
低估了这场战斗的性质
and of their opponent,
也低估了他们的对手
President Abraham Lincoln.
亚伯拉罕·林肯总统
Because Lincoln is fighting a totally new kind of war,
因为林肯正在谋划一场全新的战争
and the Southern adversaries just don't get it.
而南方的对手们却对此全然无知
A packed train speeds on its way south,
一列火车满载着飞驰南下
ready to replenish the Union Army with fresh troops and supplies.
给联邦军队带去生力军和给养
Lieutenant George Benedict writes home.
乔治·班尼迪克中尉在家书中写道
We were stowed away in freight cars
我们被塞进运货车厢
and started out of the city.
驶出这座城市
The train took 600 other troops besides our regiment,
车上除了我们团以外 还载有600名军人
and numbered 34 heavily loaded cars.
以及34节装得满满的车厢
The railroad, one of Lincoln's hidden weapons in this war.
铁路是此战中林肯的秘密武器之一
In one key operation ordered directly by the President
这是总统直接下令进行的调度
25,000 fresh troops
25000名新兵
were sent on a 1200-mile journey to the South.
被送往1200英里以外的南方
By road it would take over two months.
如果从公路走 需要两个多月
By rail, it will take these men just seven days.
而通过铁路 只需7天便可到达
Following its introduction in the 1830's,
自从19世纪30年代开建以来
America's rail infrastructure has
美国的铁路设施
gradually spread its tentacles across the country.
渐渐将触角延伸到了全国的每个角落
Lincoln realizes it can revolutionize the speed of troop deployments.
林肯意识到 这将彻底改变军队调度效率
He strikes a deal with the rail owners
他和铁路拥有者们达成协议
to put the North railroad network under government control.
将北方铁路网纳入政府管辖
It turns the railroad into a weapon of war.
这使铁路也成为了一种战争武器
Instead of armies being limited
军队不再像以前那样
to the speed at which they can march,
被行军速度所限
all of a sudden, you had armies being able to move
突然之间 你可以通过铁路
to up to the front by rail.
把军队输送到前线
And more importantly, supplies.
而更重要的是 后勤供给
Supplies and troops
给养和部队
pour out of the North toward the battle front.
通过铁路从北方源源不断地输往前线
Some busy lines carry 800 tons of supplies a day,
有些繁忙的路线每天要运输800吨给养
the equivalent of 80 railroad cars.
相当于80节车厢的货运量
In Lincoln's hands, the 24,000 miles of railroad tracks in the North
林肯手中掌控的北方24000英里的铁路线
becomes an arm of his war machine.
成了他战争武器的杀手锏
But the South has a far smaller network.
但南方所拥有的铁路网则小得多
Just 9,000 miles at the start of the war
战争初期只有9000英里
and it remains under private control.
并且一直为私人所有
In the four years the war lasts,
战争持续的四年中
the North adds 4,000 miles of new track to it's network
北方新修了4000英里铁路线
against just 400 miles in the South.
而南方只新修了400英里
This inability to coordinate rail supplies
铁路物资供给协调不力
will prove disastrous for the South.
给南方带来了毁灭性的打击
Even though they're just 30 miles from their capital in Richmond.
尽管他们离首都里士满只有30英里
In the winter of 1863, poor rail links
1863年冬 落后的铁路运输
mean Southern troops in Virginia starve.
却使弗吉尼亚州的南方军队陷入饥荒
For all their brilliance and determination in battle,
尽管南方军队兵强马壮 斗志昂扬
the South simply lackd the logistics
但他们唯独因为缺乏后勤供应
to deliver a decisive blow.
而无法发动致命的一击
And it isn't simply rail.
而且不仅仅铁路运输存在问题
Lincoln realizes that victory
林肯意识到 要取得胜利
depends on mobilizing the entire industrial might of the North
还得尽可能调动北方的一切工业力量
behind the war effort.
作为战争的强大后盾
Production of clothing in the North doubles during the conflict.
战争时期 北方的服装生产量翻了一番
Pitchfork manufacturers start making swords,
草耙制造商开始生产利剑
while the number of patents doubles in the course of the war.
与此同时 战争期间美国专利品数量增长了一倍
Manufacturing, technology, infrastructure.
制造业 技术产业 基础设施
It will change the face of America.
使得美国面貌焕然一新
For the first time in history,
有史以来第一次
industry is put behind the war effort,
工业成为战争的强大后盾
an approach to conflict
在一战和二战期间
that America will exploit
美国都运用了这种
in the First and Second World Wars.
调动工业力量的战略
It is the beginning of a new, integrated economy.
这是一种新的 一体化经济的开端
It will be the hallmark of the modern age.
即将成为现代经济的特征
In a building just across the road from the White House
在与白宫一街之隔的一幢建筑里
is a small room.
有一个小房间
It will become Lincoln's nerve center in this war.
它成了战争时期林肯的作战指挥中心
And at its heart, a simple device
在小房间的中央 有一个简单的装置
that will transform how this war is fought and won:
改变了这场战争的作战方式和获胜途径
the telegraph.
这就是电报
The invention of Morse Code in 1844
1844年发明的摩尔斯电码
turns the telegraph into America's first tool of mass communication.
使电报成为美国最早的大众通讯工具
Quickly encoded, the basic system of dots and dashes
它编码迅速 以点线构成的基本系统
is ideal for brief messages.
对于发送简短信息再理想不过了
Like Twitter today,
就像今天的推特一样
it needs just seconds to send them and transcribe them.
发送 转录消息只需要几秒钟
Where messengers previously took days
曾经 传令员需要花费数日
on horse back, over hundreds of miles
快马加鞭数百英里
and across every kind of terrain,
跋山涉水才可以将信息送达
now the country's 50,000 mile telegraph network
现在全国50000英里的电报网
means communication is almost instantaneous.
意味着通讯几乎是在瞬间完成
As telegraph poles snake out alongside the railroad lines,
电线杆与铁路线并排延伸
this vast country begins to shrink.
这个广袤的国家距离在缩短
It will transform the nature of this war,
这改变了这场战争的本质
as information and decisions
因为信息和决策
can flow backwards and forwards, at lightning speed.
如今能够以光速在各地来回传送
It became kind of the early version of e-mail.
这算得上是电子邮件的早期形式
Suddenly it was possible
突然之间
to get a message to somebody from St. Louis
身处圣路易斯的某人可以把消息传给
you know, to get a message to New York
比如说 传给纽约的某个人
in a shockingly short amount of time.
而这些都只需要很短的时间
Lincoln immediately realizes
林肯马上意识到了
the telegraph's potential as a weapon of war.
电报作为一个战争武器的潜力
He insists on the installation of telegraph lines
他坚决要求安装
directly into the War Department.
直通陆军部的电报线路
And he quickly acts to
并迅速采取行动
place all telegraph facilities in the Union under military control.
将联邦内的所有电报传输设施都划归军方控制
The Telegraph Office becomes the central hub
这个电报办公室成为一个中央枢纽
of Lincoln's war operation. His command and control center.
林肯在这里组织 指挥 控制战事
He even takes to sleeping here at busy times.
他忙的时候甚至会睡在这里
The Telegraph Office manager, David Homer Bates,
电报办公室的经理 大卫·荷马·贝茨
describes how Lincoln obsesses
描述了林肯有多专注于
over every scrap of news from the front:
战争前线传来的任何一条消息
sometimes reading dispatches word by word
他常常逐字逐句读这些急件
as they are deciphered.
就像是在破译密码一般
Lincoln's habit was to go immediately to the drawer
每次林肯走进房间
each time he came into our room,
就会习惯性地直接去查看抽屉
and read over the telegraphs beginning at the top
从最上面的电报开始仔细阅读
until he came to the one he had seen on his previous visit.
一直读到他上次已经看过的为止
The North's telegraph network
北方的电报网
spreads its tentacles far and wide,
延伸发展到四面八方
sucking information back to Lincoln
从各处采集的信息反馈到了林肯
and his commanders in Washington.
和他在华盛顿的指挥官们手中
It gives him a vast strategic overview,
这将全局性的战略视野
providing him an unrivaled insight
和无可匹敌的前瞻思维
into his commanders' tactical thinking.
融入了他的指挥战术
Lincoln himself was able to stay on top of,
林肯得以随时跟踪着
literally, hour-by-hour
可以说是每小时都在更新
developments in the course of individual battles.
专注着每场战斗的即时战况
That had never happened before.
以前从没有指挥官能做到这一点
To the irritation of his generals,
让他的将军们有些恼火的是
it even allows him to issue his own direct orders,
这甚至让他得以直接发布自己的命令
telling them how to fight.
告诉他们该如何作战
In one campaign,
在其中一场战役里
with General Lee's forces threatening Washington,
当李将军的部队逼近华盛顿
Lincoln responds by telegraphing direct orders to his generals.
林肯用电报直接向将军们下令
The exposed position of General Banks
班克斯将军的位置已暴露
makes his immediate relief a point of paramount importance.
因此当务之急是解除他的指挥权
You are therefore directed by the President
你现在直接听命于总统
to move against Jackson at Harrisonburg.
立刻移师哈里斯堡 迎战杰克逊部
This movement must be made immediately.
务必立即出发
In the course of the war,
整个南北战争期间
Lincoln sends almost 1000 telegrams from the small office.
林肯从这个小办公室发出了约1000份电报
But the South never grasps the potential of the telegraph
但南方从未意识到电报的这一潜力
in creating a centralized command and control system.
它可以建立一个集中的指挥和控制系统
It means Southern generals like Lee
这也意味像李这样南方的将军们
must plan their battles without that kind of strategic overview.
只能在没有战略全局观的条件下指挥作战
As the war continues,
随着战争的继续
Lincoln brings down the hammer of his war machine.
林肯使出了他那战争机器的致命杀招
Industry.
工业
Lines of communication and supplies,
通讯和供给线路
manpower and firepower, are all marshalled
兵力火力 都被调动起来
to deliver a blow after blow to the Confederate Army.
向南方联盟军发动一波接一波的攻击
But the South,
然而南方
bolstered by the belief in the rightness of its cause
坚信他们是在为正义而战
doggedly refuses to give in.
仍旧负隅顽抗 拒绝投降
As a result, the death toll just keeps rising.
因此 死亡人数不断攀升
At Antietam in 1862,
1862年安提耶坦一役中
6,000 are killed.
6000士兵阵亡
17,000 wounded.
17000士兵负伤
Over four times as many as during world War II's D-Day landings.
是二战时诺曼底登陆死伤人数的四倍
The carnage will trigger a revolution in battlefield medicine.
巨大的伤亡催生了一场战地医疗的革命
3/4 of all operations conducted by army surgeons
内战时期军队外科医生实施的手术
during the Civil War are amputations.
四分之三均为截肢
Letters from surgeon William Watson
外科医生威廉·沃森所写的信里
record what these battlefield ERs were like.
记录了当时战场上急诊医师的工作状况
Day before yesterday I performed 14 amputations
前天 我一共做了14台截肢手术
without leaving the table.
一刻也没有离开手术台
I do not exaggerate when I say
我可以毫不夸张地说
I have performed at the least calculation, 50 amputations.
算起来我起码做了50台截肢手术
There are so many severely wounded to the joints.
很多士兵的关节受了重伤
There are so many operations yet to be performed.
还有很多手术要做
Surgeon Theodore Dimon describes
外科医生西奥多·戴蒙描述了
the hideous wounds left by weapons like the Minie ball.
由迷你弹这类武器所造成的可怕伤口
The shattering, splintering, and splitting
迷你弹对长骨带来的冲击
of a long bone by the impact of a Minie ball
所造成的骨骼粉碎 破裂 撕烂
is both remarkable and frightening.
触目惊心 令人胆寒
An experienced surgeon
一位有经验的外科医生
can hack off a limb in just ten minutes.
可以在十分钟内截掉一段肢体
Ether and chloroform are used as anesthetics.
当时的麻醉药是乙醚和氯仿
If a bullet doesn't kill you, then infection can.
即使从枪口下逃生 伤口感染也会致命
Gangrene is the greatest killer.
坏疽是最大的杀手
Deprived of oxygen,
由于隔绝了氧气
wounds become an ideal breeding ground for clostridium,
伤口成了梭菌理想的滋生地
a bacteria that releases a poisonous toxin destroying tissue.
这种细菌释放出毒素 破坏组织结构
Death can follow quickly.
紧随其后的 便是死亡
Approximately 60,000 amputations are performed during the Civil War,
据估计 内战时期共进行了6万次截肢手术
more than in any other war America has fought in.
这个数字超过了美国参与的其他任何战争
Twice as many soldiers died from infected wounds and disease
死于伤口感染和疾病的士兵人数
as on the battlefield.
是死在战场上人数的两倍
This unprecedented carnage
空前巨大的伤亡
forces a complete rethink of traditional battlefield medicine.
迫使人们开始重新审视传统战地医疗
Looking after the well-being of soldiers
照顾士兵们的健康
becomes as central to the war effort
对提升部队战斗力来说
as the supply of guns and ammunition.
与枪支弹药的供给同等重要
Large numbers of women sign up as battlefield nurses.
大量的妇女志愿加入战地护士的队伍
One of them is Clara Barton.
克拉拉·巴顿就是其中之一
Help me, please. A saw?
来帮帮忙 拿个锯子来
Clara Barton is untrained and unpaid.
克拉拉·巴顿未经训练也不拿酬劳
When she starts, most nurses are men.
她刚加入时 大部分护士都是男人
It is a menial occupation.
这是一份又脏又累的工作
The remedies she proposes for the care of the wounded are simple,
她所提出的处理伤员的方法非常简单
but revolutionary in their effect.
但实际效果却是革命性的
They want food, clothing, shelter, medicines,
他们需要食物 衣服 住处 药物
and a few calm, practical persons to administer them.
以及一些冷静 有经验的人照料他们
She insists the injured have a ready supply of clean bandages.
她坚持要随时为伤者提供干净的绷带
First aid, the sorting of the wounded with the most serious cases first.
采取急救时 要首先辨认出伤势最重的伤员
The Civil War brings in a series of innovations
内战带来了一系列创新
that form the basis of battlefield medicine to this day.
建立了传承至今的战地医疗体系的基础
20,000 women sign on as nurses during the war.
内战期间 20000名女性报名成为护士
Clara Barton herself goes on to found the American Red Cross.
克拉拉·巴顿后来创办了美国红十字会
Standards of hygiene begin to
溴的发现
dramatically improve with the discovery of bromine.
使得卫生水平大幅度改善
This caustic chemical is effective
这种腐蚀性的化学物质
against the bacteria that cause gangrene.
可以有效地抑制产生坏疽的细菌滋生
As a result, nearly 3/4 of amputees survive surgery
因此 近四分之三的截肢者得以存活下来
and gangrene becomes rare by the war's end.
到了战争末期 坏疽已是鲜有发生
With the war dragging on without a clear end in sight...
由于战争持续拖延 短期内休战希望渺茫
Lincoln is increasingly forced to fight on a very different front-
渐渐地 林肯不得不改换另外一条战斗阵线
the war for public opinion.
争取公众支持之战
The spread of portable cameras
便携式照相机的普及
means for the first time gory images of the battlefield
第一次让血淋淋的战地照片
can now reach every home.
得以传进千家万户
While these simple cameras ruled out dramatic action scenes,
尽管这些简易相机无法捕捉下震撼的动作场面
they're ideal for capturing the gruesome after math of battle.
但却是拍摄战后鲜血淋漓画面的理想之选
As many as 1500 photographers flood the battlefield.
多达1500名摄影记者纷纷涌向前线
Their images are sold widely to members of the public
他们带回来的图片向广大公众出售
for as little as 25 cents.
价格仅为25美分一张
It was war photography coming back from the Civil War
正是从前线拍摄回来的图片
that captured it in a way that made it real
以一种真实的方式重现了战场实况
and made people recognize
并让民众意识到
the really extraordinary unprecedented violence.
这是场美国有史以来杀戮最多的战争
America's growing newspaper mass media
不断壮大的美国报纸传媒业
reproduces simple woodcuts of the images.
大量生产这些照片转印的木刻简画
More than 200 correspondents cover the war
超过200名记者参与了战事报道
filing over 100 million words of copy.
发稿字数总计超过一亿
This deluge of information about the war
来自前线洪水般的消息
ensures the grim reality of the conflict
使这场战争的残酷性
is seared into the public consciousness.
深深地烙进了公众意识
Never again will politicians be able to fight wars
从此政治家们要发动任何战争
without public support.
都必须先取得公众的支持
The war means a soldier
这场内战使得士兵的死亡率
is five times more likely to die than a civilian.
高达平民的五倍
Where families used to grieve for the dead at home,
以往丧事都在家里举行
now men die on the battlefield.
现在 更多人战死沙场
It forces a fundamental shift in the ritual surrounding death.
人们不得不彻底改变传统的丧葬方式
Matt Botage dies on the battlefield in Virginia,
马特·波塔奇在弗吉尼亚的战场上阵亡
yet his family in Boston
但是他在波士顿的家人
can still say good-bye to their son killed 500 miles away.
仍能向500英里外牺牲的儿子告别
Even though it has taken a week
尽管一周之后
for his body to travel from the battlefield,
他的遗体才从战场被运回来
his father described how it is free from signs of decomposition.
他的父亲这样描述尸体保存完好的程度
So the marks of closely contested battle
激烈的战争留存在脸上的伤痕
was still upon the face,
仍清晰可见
the features were placid as if he were sleeping.
神态安详宛如入睡
That's because of the new technique known as embalming.
这归功于一种叫尸体防腐的新技术
Chemicals like arsenic and zinc chloride are injected in the corpse
把砷和氯化锌等化学制剂注入尸体
to hold the natural process of decay.
以延缓自然尸解的过程
The business of death, the preservation of bodies
向死人提供的保存尸体服务
turns undertakers into overnight millionaires.
让殡葬从业者们一夜暴富
One undertaker boasts:
一名从业者夸口说
I would be glad to prepare private soldiers.
我很乐意为士兵服务
They were worth a $5 bill a piece.
每具遗体收费5美元
But Lord bless you, a colonel pays 100.
不过上帝保佑 上校的话 收费100
And a brigadier general, 200.
至于一名准将 则要收费200
If you've got the money,
只要有钱
all sorts of new techniques are available.
有各种各样的新技术可供选择
Airtight coffins and embalming are most popular.
其中密封棺木和尸体防腐最受青睐
And for the wealthiest,
富人们甚至可以选择
even elaborated refrigerated coffins packed with ice.
做工考究的 由冰块包裹的冷冻棺木
The war drags on.
战事仍在拖延
Lincoln is determined to end it, and abolish slavery.
林肯下决心要结束战争 废除奴隶制
In September, 1862,
1862年9月
he gives the South an ultimatum - rejoin the union.
他给南方下达了最后通牒:重返联邦
He threatens to forcibly liberate their slaves if they refuse.
他威胁南方如果拒绝合作 他会诉诸武力解放奴隶
But the South, having tasted independence,
而初尝独立甜头的南方
does not want to rejoin a union where slavery would be at risk.
并不愿意冒着被废奴的风险重返联邦
they reject the ultimatum.
他们拒绝接受最后通牒
Lincoln is in no mood to negotiate.
林肯此刻已无意协商沟通
If the South won't free their slaves, he will do it himself.
如果南方不解放奴隶 他会代而行之
For white Southerners,
对于南方白人来说
it was a confirmation that their thoughts about Lincoln all along
此举证实了他们对林肯一直以来的看法:
that he was, in fact, somebody who was bent on destroying
他就是一心想要摧毁
what they thought was the Southern way of life.
他们心目中的南方生活方式
In the North, in a sense
而在北方 从某种意义上说
it gave people a different understanding of what the war was about.
这让人们重新审视这场战争的意义
On January 1st, 1863,
1863年1月1日
Lincoln issues a proclamation
林肯发表宣言
abolishing slavery in the rebellious Southern states,
废除南方各叛乱州的奴隶制
Thanks to the telegraph, the news quickly spreads.
消息借助电报迅速传开
On the 4th day of January, in the year of our Lord, 1863.
与主同在的1863年 一月的第四天
Lincoln had totally grown
林肯的立场有了进一步发展
to where he said not only should blacks not be slaves,
他不仅认为黑人不应为奴
they should be treated as equal citizens
他们还应当受到平等的公民待遇
with full enfranchisement, right to vote and right to participate.
享有完整的政治选举权和参与权
All persons held as slaves shall be then, henceforth and forever free.
所有被奴役者从此重获自由 直到永远
In the wake of Lincoln's emancipation of the slaves,
受到林肯解放奴隶宣言的感召
Black American soldiers rush to enlist for the Union.
非裔美国士兵纷纷加入北方联邦军队
Almost 200,000 sign up by the end of the war.
到战争结束时 人数达到将近20万
General James Blunt describes their skill as fighters.
詹姆斯·布朗特将军这样描述他们的作战能力
I never saw such fighting
我从未见过
as was done by the negro regiment.
像黑人军团这样的战斗方式
They make better soldiers in every respect
他们作为士兵 在各方面
than any other troops I have ever had under my command.
都优于我带过的任何一支部队
The Emancipation Proclamation changes the dynamics of the war.
《解放奴隶宣言》改变了战争格局
The Union army becomes a force for liberation,
北方联邦军队成为了保卫自由之师
now fighting to end slavery.
以终结奴隶制为己任
They understood that saving the union
他们意识到捍卫联邦
would give them some sense of freedom, some sense of dignity.
给他们带来的是一种自由感和荣耀感
It was the dignity that I'm a soldier.
是一种作为战士的尊严感
I'm not just a servant. I have a uniform.
我不是仆人 我穿的是军装
I have stripes. I am somebody.
我有军衔 我不再低人一等了
Lincoln follows the Proclamation with his master stroke.
林肯继宣言之后又挥墨撰文
His address in 1863,
他的这篇演讲发表于1863年
dedicating America's first national cemetery for soldiers at Gettysburg,
是为葛底斯堡首座国家战士公墓写的致辞
is perhaps the single most famous piece of political rhetoric in history.
它可能是历史上最为著名的政治演讲
Four score and seven years ago
87年前
our fathers brought forth upon this nation
国父们一手创建了这个国家
conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition
以自由为纲 永世奉行
that all men are created equal.
人人生而平等之理念
That we here highly resolve
吾辈在此庄严承诺
that these deaths shall not have died in vain.
烈士牺牲当非枉然
That this nation under God
此信奉上帝之国
shall have a new birth of freedom,
当迎来自由之新生
and that government of the people, by the people and for the people
民有 民治 民享的政府
shall not perish from this earth.
将万世长存
It is an emotional thing to think about
想到人们为一个共同理想而献身
people sacrificing, giving their lives for an ideal.
不得不让人为之动容
And it's Lincoln at his absolute best.
这是林肯的才能最集中的体现
The genius, the simplicity that conveys a great amount.
他的天才在于用简洁字句传达深刻意蕴
It's spiritual in a way, it's a hymn to America,
字字直击心灵 像是给美国的赞美诗
and it's the hymn to the possibilities
一首献给这个国家的悲壮过去
and the great sacrifices to this country.
和光明未来的赞美诗
But in 1864, the war remains deadlocked.
但1864年 战争仍陷于僵持
With an election looming,
随着大选的临近
and a challenge coming from those
与此同时
who want to negotiate a peace with the South,
主和派也发起责难
Lincoln knows he needs to land a decisive blow.
林肯知道他是时候做出决胜一击了
At some point somebody gets tired.
每个人都会有疲惫困顿的时候
Somebody blinks. Somebody makes a mistake.
有人会打个盹 有人则会犯下错误
And when you're talking about war, that mistake,
当错误发生在战场上的时候
it's everything.
一着不慎满盘皆输
Lincoln puts the North's entire industrial might
林肯竭尽北方工业之全力
behind one final push.
来推进最后一击
The man who will lead the charge from Chattanooga to Atlanta,
带领部队由查塔努加一路攻至亚特兰大的将领
William Sherman.
名叫威廉·谢尔曼
His orders: to stop for nothing.
他下令不计任何后果全力以赴
I would make this war as severe as possible
我会让这场战争要多残酷有多残酷
and show no symptoms of tiring until the South begs for mercy.
南方一日不求饶 我一日不罢手
Advancing under the cover of night,
在夜幕的掩护下
Sherman's march is sustained by
谢尔曼的进军获得了
one of the greatest logistical operations yet seen in this conflict.
内战以来最强大的后勤补给
Sherman knows he needs to throw everything he's got
谢尔曼深知 要对付南方联盟军
at the Confederate Army.
他需要倾尽所能
While he uses his own supply lines to maximum effect,
他不仅将己方补给运输线的作用发挥到极致
he destroys those of the South,
更是将南方补给线逐个摧毁
ripping up their railroad and bending it beyond use.
把铁轨都拆下来弄弯
In one day, the North's supply lines replace 200,000 bullets.
北方的运输线每天补给20万颗子弹
While the South is left scavenging on the battlefield
整个南方军队则在战场上食不果腹
for spent rounds, food, even old boots.
他们已是弹尽粮绝 甚至连皮靴都没得穿了
Sherman calls it total war.
谢尔曼把这称为全面战争
A scorched earth approach becomes the trademark of modern warfare.
这种焦土战术成了现代战争的标志
Finally, with Atlanta under siege,
最终 亚特兰大被围困
Confederate forces set fire to their own munitions stores.
联盟军放火烧毁了自己的弹药库
before abandoning their city to the Union soldiers.
随后弃城而去 给联邦军队留下一片废墟
Sherman's tactics of total war have won out.
谢尔曼全面战争的战术取得成效
His victory helps secure Lincoln's election in the fall.
此次大捷帮助林肯在秋季大选中稳操胜券
With Atlanta in ruins, he just keeps going,
占领了已成废墟的亚特兰大后 他继续向前
now launching what will be his final assault:
发动了他此战中最后一次进攻:
The March to the Sea.
"进军大海"
In a 19th century equivalent of Shock and Awe,
这相当于19世纪的"震慑行动":
62,000 Union soldiers wreak
在佐治亚州 62000名联邦士兵所过之处
a 60-mile-wide path of destruction across Georgia,
留下了一条整整60英里宽的破坏带
from Atlanta to the coast of Savannah.
从亚特兰大一直到萨凡纳海岸
Supply lines are cut.
补给线被切断
Villages are sacked and crops torched.
村民被洗劫一空 庄稼被付之一炬
Anything of military value is destroyed.
有军事价值的物品悉数被毁
Within six months,
不到六个月
General Lee has tendered the Confederate Army's surrender.
李将军就代表联盟军队递交了投降书
The rebellion is over.
叛乱结束了
The South will have to submit to the Union
南方不得不臣服于联邦
and bring an end to slavery.
并终结奴隶制
By the act of winning,
在战争获胜的过程中
the North both validated freedom
北方巩固了自由体系
and validated the industrial model.
和工业发展模式
And so you have an American confidence.
在这个基础上建立了美国式的自信
An American sense of achievement.
美国式的成功观
An American willingness to go out around the world.
以及美国走向世界的愿望
For all the Confederacy's commitment,
尽管南方联盟决心巨大
its inferior logistical infrastructure
但囿于物资转运设施方面的不足
has been no match for the North's unstoppable war machine.
它难以与北方强大的战争机器抗衡
Its industrial heartland,
北方的工业中心
its growing network of railroads,
不断扩张的铁路网络
its telegraph network,
和电报网络
all bring victory to the North.
都是北方胜利的关键
Within a week, Lincoln lies dead from an assassin's bullet,
叛军投降不到一周 林肯死于一名刺客的枪杀
but America has pulled back from the brink.
但此时美国已从崩溃的边缘拉回正轨
The nation is once again united.
这个国家再次统一
And out of that unity
南北融合后
now goes a modern industrialized economy
现代工业化经济
that will reach right across this great continent.
将遍及整个北美大陆
